上篇文章里，我们讨论了如何在演讲时进行发挥，我们提到了视觉教具、肢体语言、眼神交流还有对声音的控制，这些都能帮你在讲演时提高自信，聚焦听众的注意力。
In the article, we discuss how to play in a speech, we mentioned the visual aids, body language, eye contact and voice control, these can help you improve your confidence in his speech, focusing the attention of the audience.
但是，在演讲中，最重要的还是你要表达的内容，也就是你的语言。
But in the speech, the most important thing is what you want to express, that is, your language.
因此，在这篇文章里，我们来捋一遍演讲中的语言使用。
So, in this article, let's run through the language used in the speech.
Simplicity and Clarity简单清晰
Simplicity and Clarity is simple and clear
首先，如果你想让听众理解你的信息，你的语言必须简洁明了。
First, if you want your audience to understand your message, your language must be concise and clear.
尽量用一些短词和短句。
Try to use short words and short sentences.
不要使用专业术语，除非你确定你的听众都理解它。
Don't use jargon unless you're sure your audience understands it.
一般来说，谈论具体的事实而不是抽象的想法。
In general, talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas.
使用主动动词代替被动动词，对于人们来说，主动动词更容易理解，也更具有说服力。
The use of active verbs instead of passive verbs, for people, the active verb is easier to understand, but also more convincing.
我们来看一下下面两个句子，它们说的是同一件事：
Let's look at the following two sentences. They say the same thing:
Toyota sold nine million vehicles last year.
Toyota, sold, nine, million, vehicles, last, year.
Nine million vehicles were sold by Toyota last year.
Nine, million, vehicles, were, sold, by, Toyota, last, year.
哪一个更容易理解？哪个更直接？哪个更具影响力？
Which one is easier to understand? Which is more direct? Which is more influential?
显然是第一个，因为第一个句子用的是主动句，而第二个句子则是被动句。
Obviously, the first one is because the first sentence uses the active sentence, and the second one is the passive one.
Signposting指示牌
Signposting indicator board
当你在路上开车的时候，你知道自己在哪些路上行驶。
When you are driving on the road, you know which road you are driving on.
每条路都有一个名字或号码。
Each road has a name or number.
每个城镇都有一个名字。
Every town has a name.
每个房子都有一个数字。
Each house has a number.
如果你的家在100号，那你可以往回走到50号，也知道向前能走到150号。
If your home is in No. 100, you can go back to No. 50, and also know that you can walk forward to No. 150.
你可以通过路标找到方向。
You can find directions by road signs.
你可以详细地看到你所在道路的结构。
You can see the structure of your path in detail.
换句话说，在公路上行驶很容易，你不会迷路。
In other words, it's easy to travel on the road. You won't get lost.
但是当你做演讲时，你的听众怎么知道他们在哪里？
But when you give a speech, how do your listeners know where they are?
他们怎么知道你演讲的结构呢？
How do they know the structure of your speech?
他们怎么知道接下来会发生什么？
How do they know what's going to happen next?
他们要是知道，那就是你告诉了他们。
If they know, that's what you told them.
因为在开始和沿途中，你给他们立了很多指示牌。
Because at the beginning and along the way, you gave them a lot of signs.
这些也可以被称为“路标”（或“信号”）。
These can also be called "signposts" (or "signals").
在你的介绍中，你应该告诉你的听众你演讲的结构是什么。
In your introduction, you should tell your audience what the structure of your speech is.
你可能会说这样的话：
You might say something like that:
"I'll start by describing the current position in Europe. Then I'll move on to some of the achievements we've made in Asia. After that I'll consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in Africa. Lastly, I'll quickly recap before concluding with some recommendations."
"I'll start by describing the current position in Europe. Then I'll move on to some of the achievements we've made in Asia. After that I'll consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in Africa. Lastly, I'll quickly recap before concluding with some recommendations"
“首先，我要描述一下欧洲目前的职位。然后我将谈谈我们在亚洲取得的一些成就。在那之后，我会考虑我们在非洲进一步发展的机会。最后，我将做个总结，并提出一些建议。”
"First of all, I'd like to describe the current position in europe. Then I'll talk about some of our achievements in asia. After that, I will consider our chances of further development in africa. Finally, I will make a summary and make some suggestions."
现在，你的听众就对你的整个演讲有了一个大体的了解：
Now your audience will have a general idea of your entire speech:
Introduction
Introduction
Welcome
Welcome
Explanation of structure (now)
Explanation of structure (now)
Body
Body
Europe
Europe
Asia
Asia
Africa
Africa
Conclusion
Conclusion
Summing up
Summing up
Recommendations
Recommendations
在演讲中，你基本就会给听众留下以上这些印象。
In a speech, you basically leave these impressions to the audience.
他们甚至会把它写下来。
They might even write it down.
在你的演讲中，你会把路标告诉他，你已经达到这一点，你将去哪儿。
In your speech, you will tell him the road sign. You have reached this point. Where are you going?.
当你完成了欧洲部分，并想开始进行亚洲部分的时候，你可能会说：
When you complete the European part and want to start the Asian part, you might say:
"That's all I have to say about Europe. Let's turn now to Asia."
"That's, all, I, have, to, say, about, Europe., Let's, turn,, now, to, Asia..""
当你完成了非洲，并想要总结的时候，你可能会说：
When you finish Africa and want to summarize, you might say:
"Well, we've looked at the three continents Europe, Asia and Africa. I'd like to sum up now."
"Well, we've, looked, at, the, continents, Europe, Asia, and, Africa., I'd, three, like, to, sum, up, now..""
当你完成总结并想提出你的建议时，你可能会说：
When you finish your summary and want to make your suggestion, you might say:
"What does all this mean for us? Well, firstly I recommend..."
"What, does, all, this, mean, for, US, Well, firstly, I, recommend."..."
下面的表格中，是你咋演讲中会用的一些可以充当路标的短语，你可以把它们穿插在你的演讲中，让你的演讲更有逻辑。
The following table shows some phrases you can use as signposts in your speech. You can put them in your speech and make your speech more logical.
Signposting
Signposting
Function
Function
Language
Language
Introducing the subject
Introducing the subject
I'd like to start by...
I'd, like, to, start, by...
Let's begin by...
Let's begin by...
First of all, I'll...
First, of, all, I'll...
Starting with...
Starting with...
I'll begin by...
I'll begin by...
Finishing one subject...
Finishing one subject...
Well, I've told you about...
Well, I've, told, you, about...
That's all I have to say about...
That's, all, I, have, to, say, about...
We've looked at...
We've looked at...
So much for...
So much for...
...and starting another
... and, starting, another
Now we'll move on to...
Now, we'll, move, on, to...
Let me turn now to...
Let, me, turn, now, to...
Next...
Next...
Turning to...
Turning to...
I'd like now to discuss...
I'd, like, now, to, discuss...
Let's look now at...
Let's look now at...
Analysing a point and giving   recommendations
Analysing, a, point, and, giving, recommendations
Where does that lead us?
Where, does, that, lead, us?
Let's consider this in more detail...
Let's, consider, this, in, more, detail...
What does this mean for ABC?
What, does, this, mean, for, ABC?
Translated into real terms...
Translated into real terms...
Giving an example
Giving an example
For example,...
For example,...
A good example of this is...
A, good, example, of, this, is...
As an illustration,...
As an illustration,...
To give you an example,...
To, give, you, an, example,...
To illustrate this point...
To illustrate this point...
Dealing with questions
Dealing with questions
We'll be examining this point in more detail later on...
We'll, be, examining, this, point, in, more, detail, on, later...
I'd like to deal with this question later, if I may...
I'd, like, to, deal, with, this, question, later, if, I, may...
I'll come back to this question later in my talk...
I'll, come, back, to, this, question, later, in, talk, my...
Perhaps you'd like to raise this point at the end...
Perhaps, you'd, like, to, raise, this, point, at, end, the...
I won't comment on this now...
I, won't, comment, on, this, now...
Summarising and concluding
Summarising and concluding
In conclusion,...
In conclusion,...
Right, let's sum up, shall we?
Right, let's, sum, up, shall, we?
I'd like now to recap...
I'd, like, now, to, recap...
Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at...
Let's, summarise, briefly, what, we've, looked, at...
Finally, let me r
Finally, let, me, R